Titanium dioxide has the characteristics of high chemical stability, non toxicity, and good photoelectric performance, especially rutile titanium dioxide has high surface activity, which is very suitable for battery material modification. Like polyethylene glycol, the introduction of titanium dioxide is also to compensate for the insufficient energy density and rate performance of lithium iron phosphate itself.

There are three main ways to add titanium dioxide to lithium iron phosphate:
1、 Doping modification. By incorporating nanoscale titanium dioxide particles into the lattice of lithium iron phosphate, a heterostructure can be formed, significantly improving the conductivity of the material. Experiments have shown that doping 1% titanium dioxide can increase the electronic conductivity of lithium iron phosphate by two orders of magnitude and improve rate performance by 15% to 30%.
2、 Surface coating. Titanium dioxide can form a protective film on the surface of lithium iron phosphate particles, reducing direct contact between the particles and the electrolyte, thereby suppressing side reactions such as iron leaching and excessive growth of SEI film, while enhancing electrode water retention capacity and improving battery performance in low humidity environments.
3、 Photocatalytic assisted synthesis. Under ultraviolet light, titanium dioxide generates electron hole pairs, accelerating the redox reaction of the precursor, shortening the hydrothermal synthesis time, and improving the purity of the product. A study has successfully reduced the hydrothermal reaction time from 12 hours to 8 hours.
From a mechanistic perspective, the introduction of titanium dioxide can adjust the band structure of lithium iron phosphate, narrow the band gap, and enhance its response to visible light; Heterojunction interfaces can accelerate electron transfer.
In addition, the rigid structure of titanium dioxide can also buffer volume changes during charge and discharge processes, improving cycle life - for example, the capacity retention rate can still exceed 90% after 2000 cycles.
In practical industrialization, titanium dioxide and polyethylene glycol are often used in synergy. For example, the two together form a "carbon titanium dioxide" double coating structure, which not only improves conductivity but also enhances interface stability, resulting in a first discharge specific capacity of 165mAh/g for lithium iron phosphate, with a capacity decay of less than 5% after 1000 cycles.
But currently, the cost of nano titanium dioxide is relatively high, and the uniformity of dispersion is also a technical difficulty, which requires further optimization through processes such as ultrasound and ball milling. Looking ahead, optimizing process parameters through machine learning, developing low-cost synthesis methods for titanium dioxide, and constructing a ternary composite system of polyethylene glycol titanium dioxide graphene will be important research directions. In addition, efficient recycling technologies for waste lithium iron phosphate batteries containing titanium dioxide also need to be developed.
In summary, titanium dioxide significantly enhances the electrochemical performance and stability of lithium iron phosphate materials through various methods such as doping, coating, and photocatalysis, providing solid support for the further development of power batteries and energy storage systems.

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